What this is really doing is calculating the distance horizontally between x-values, as if a line segment was forming a side of a right triangle, and then doing that again with the y . The voltage drop can be found by the following formula. The stopping distance formula or the braking distance formula is also given by the . In other words, Vd = I x R. A simple formula was derived from Ohm's law A Driver in a Car on a Residential Street is Travelling At 45km/h per. I have added the cos() to my derivation in Figure 2 and explicitly stated that the cos() is assumed to be 1. Equation 1: Calculating the actual Voltage Drop I [Volts dropped = (2 x 0.866) x L x R x Amps/1,000] Equation 2: Calculating the Wire Size in circular mils [CM = 2 x K x L x Amps/Acceptable Voltage Drop]. Seconds after the object has begun falling. We will not leave you hanging out on a diagonal. 4. The stopping distance basically gives an idea to the people who may be interested in owning the car what is the minimum distance which the car needs to cover to come to a stop when it is moving at a brisk speed. Substituting the values above into the formula, the following result is obtained: According to the NEC in Chapter 9, Table 8, the required conductor size to keep voltage drop below 3% is AWG #6 (0.510 ohm / kft). The effect of air resistance varies enormously depending on the size and geometry of the falling objectfor example, the equations are hopelessly wrong for a feather, which has a low mass but offers a large resistance to the air. r Answer: Applying the three-phase formula for voltage drop, where: K = 21.2 ohms-cmil/ft 3.51 Voltage Drop Example 3 Find the size of copper wire needed in a single-phase application to carry a load of 40 amperes at 240 volts a distance of 500 feet with a 2% voltage drop. Phases - Select the number of phases in the circuit. If the initial displacement and velocity are both equal to zero, it boils down to: If the object is already traveling with an initial velocity, you have to take it into account, too: You can immediately see that the object's distance traveled is proportional to the fall time squared. In poor weather conditions such as during the rainy season or snowfall, a car or any other vehicle will be having trouble with brakes and the total stopping distance is likely to be longer for a number of reasons. If you want to know a bit about Arthur Pejsa, here is a Youtube interview with him. In a Cartesian grid, to measure a line segment that is either vertical or horizontal is simple enough. This free fall calculator is a tool for finding the velocity of a falling object along with the distance it travels. which can be sized down. Your feedback is greatly appreciated. Chapter 9 of the NEC provides conductor properties, based on a 75C temperature rating. In the following equations, the variables used are: The formulas are divided by 1,000 because standard impedance values are provided for every 1,000 feet. 1 The National Electrical Code states that the voltage drop of a feeder circuit must not exceed 5%, and the voltage drop of a branch circuit d = (0.5) * (9.8 m/s2) * (2 s)2 = 19.6 m, At t = 5 s Range is 5711.37 feet. So, try these three practice problems! Check out the projectile motion calculator, which describes a case of free fall combined with horizontal motion. Where, v -The velocity of the vehicle. L1W3V4 - Min = -1894.09027 This speed is the terminal velocity. A drivers age, how aware they will be while they are driving, and if they have taken or consumed any drugs or alcohol can all influence how quickly it takes them to react. Recall that at that time smart phones were not yet widely available and hand held PC's were expensive and not very practical for extended field use. I certainly have all the data in a Mathcad worksheet. - Mean = 16.64765 Voltage drop is calculated using the most universal of all electrical laws: Ohm's Law. She correctly wrote the length of each of the legs which is equals to and . Statistics data for Calculated Fo - Median = 23264.09427 It's because Moon's speed is not directed towards Earth, but tangentially to its orbit. 1. + Local and online. [1][2] He measured elapsed time with a water clock, using an "extremely accurate balance" to measure the amount of water. vf = (9.8 m/s2) * (8 s) = 78.4 m/s. There are several reasons for high road accidents in India which include a general unawareness among people with regards to safety rules and the tendency to avoid safety measures like seatbelts. The first equation shows that, after one second, an object will have fallen a distance of 1/2 9.8 12 = 4.9 m. After two seconds it will have fallen 1/2 9.8 22 = 19.6 m; and so on. Note: The results of this calculator are based on conductor temperatures of 75C. By looking at the stopping distance equation, it can be said that the stopping distance is inversely proportional to the friction coefficient. Best RSS Fit Fo 23657.8 Still not sure how our free fall calculator works? + g -The acceleration due to gravity. Y Drop = Est Y drop by Pejsa formula - Y calculated by Program Even though now we have advanced technologies to build the car and at the same time many modern cars may indeed be able to stop at considerably shorter distances than the official Highway Code states, a cars condition can also have an important impact on the stopping distance. See this example: You can use the distance formula to calculate any line segment if you know the coordinates of the two endpoints. I discovered his ballistic work in 2009 as I was looking for an accurate closed form ballistic solution I could use in the field with an HP-35 or HP-42 calculator. - Max = 23831.12402 Privacy Policy, Distance Between Conduit Supports Calculator, Maximum Wire Ampacity for Current-Carrying Conductors in Raceway 30C Table, Maximum Wire Ampacity for Current-Carrying Conductors in Free Air 30C Table, Maximum Wire Ampacity for Current-Carrying Conductors in Raceway 40C Table, Maximum Wire Ampacity for Current-Carrying Conductors in Free Air 40C Table, Full-Load Current for Three-Phase AC Motors Table, Three-Phase AC Motor Wire Sizes and Circuit Protection Table, Distance Between Rigid Conduit Supports Table. I will do my best to carefully comment on the role of each equation and how I am using it. We find from the formula for radial elliptic trajectories: The time t taken for an object to fall from a height r to a height x, measured from the centers of the two bodies, is given by: where This voltage drop level is considered to offer the right conditions for optimal equipment performance. - Max - Min = 31.44428 <-- still close A wider conductor has improved conductivity, because there is more material to carry electric current. , which is the time to collision. The stopping distance (SD) is the thinking distance plus the braking distance, which is shown in Equation 1. In general, any measure that accomplishes either of the following effects is viable, as long as it is allowed by the NYC Electrical Code: The NFPA National Electric Code (NEC), which is the basis for the NYC Electrical Code, establishes two conditions for the allowable voltage drop in electrical installations: These voltage drop levels are considered to provide reasonable operational efficiency. What are the Stopping Distance Formula and the Reaction Distance formula? Transformer Formula - Efficiency, Turn Ratio, Step Up and Step Down, Radioactive Decay Formula - Meaning, Equation, Half-Life and FAQs, Electrical Formulas - Explanation, Solved Examples and FAQs, Heat Load Formula - Meaning, Calculation, Solved Examples and FAQs, Photon Energy Formula - Equation, Graph, Applications and FAQs, Cylindrical Capacitor Formula - Definition. r You will be mentally constructing a right triangle, using the diagonal as if it were a hypotenuse. My associate and I have demonstrated that Pejsa's math is applicable to all VLD bullets we have tested from 67gn 223 cal to 525gn, 41 cal bullets - in both supersonic and subsonic regimes. Thank you for your questionnaire.Sending completion, Privacy Notice | Cookie Policy |Terms of use | FAQ | Contact us |, 60 years old level or over / A retired person / - /, Understand the effect of dropping from height, 50 years old level / An office worker / A public employee / Very /. must not exceed 3%. I consider his work the ultimate expression of the original empirical work done by Mayevski and Ingalls back in the 1870s. A connection represents an interruption in the conductor material, and there is a contact resistance associated with it. 4. P Phase constant = 2 meant for single-phase = 1.732 meant for three-phase I Area of the wire (circular mils) 3. 3. d = (0.5) * (9.8 m/s2) * (1 s)2 = 4.9 m, At t = 2 s The lower projectile is the G1 reference shape, but with a ballistic coefficient of 0.484. ( This means that projectile drop is positive in the direction of the ground. Even though now we have advanced technologies to build the car and at the same time many modern cars may indeed be able to stop at considerably shorter distances than the official Highway Code states, a cars condition can also have an important impact on the stopping distance. Note that the maximum allowable voltage drop level is not a safety measure, but a performance measure. Enter the information below to calculate voltage drop across a circuit. The stopping distance is denoted by the letter d. Now, the stopping distance equation is given by the following formula: d = v/2g. We can use either of the formulae in order to calculate the stopping distance. There are many ways to experience the thrill of a free fall you could, for example, jump with a parachute or try bungee jumping! Check out our deep dive into the concept of free fall here: In free fall, an object moves under the influence of gravitational force only. Just a confusion on my part, wouldn't Eq 4 for velocity include a formula for cos(&)? The fall itself took 15 minutes, and the maximum speed exceeded 800 miles per hour far over the sound barrier! Z = Impedance of the conductor (ohms per 1,000 feet, or ohms / kft), Voltage drop = ( 2 x 1.29 ohm / kft x 22A x 50 ft ) / 1,000 = 2.84 V, Percentage voltage drop = 2.84V / 120V = 0.0237 = 2.37%, Allowable voltage drop = 120V x 3% = 3.6V, Z = (1000 x 3.6V) / (2 x 25A x 100ft) = 0.72 ohm / kft. - Min = 23260.71462 So about 116 gal. Apart from the last formula, these formulas also assume that g negligibly varies with height during the fall (that is, they assume constant acceleration). Since the factor for #8 AWG conductor is 0.125 (from the above table). In reality, though, a falling object's velocity is constrained by a value called the terminal velocity. Decide whether the object has an initial velocity. This means that projectile drop is positive in the direction of the ground. 1996-2022 The Physics Classroom, All rights reserved. An object in free fall will still have a weight, governed by the equation W = mg, where W is the objects weight, m is the objects mass, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. 4. The formula which is used to calculate this distance is known as the stopping distance formula and it is termed as the braking distance that is widely used in automobile industries. - Max = 65.59305 On 31JUL2009 I discussed with him my interest in building on his work, at which time he gave me "blanked approval to quote from his work." Note that when Time taken for impact without air resistance is 1.42784 seconds. (In the absence of an atmosphere all objects fall at the same rate, as astronaut David Scott demonstrated by dropping a hammer and a feather on the surface of the Moon.). Answers to all the above questions can be given by the Stopping Distance Formula and its application. Db distance calculator - If you move from 500 feet to 1000 feet, you will have a 6dB drop in level. PS The equations also ignore the rotation of the Earth, failing to describe the Coriolis effect for example. Proper servicing of the car is very important. - Max = 23657.98749 Voltage drop is calculated for single-phase circuits as follows: Cm = Cross Section Area of Condcutor (Circular Mils). For example, copper is more conductive than aluminum. Time taken for impact with air resistance is 1.482 seconds. To calculate ground wire size, use the Ground Wire Size Calculator. TheDistance Formulasquares the differences between the two x coordinates and two y coordinates, then adds those squares, and finally takes their square root to get the total distance along the diagonal line: The expression (x2x1)({x}_{2}-{x}_{1})(x2x1)is read asthe change in xand(y2y1({y}_{2}-{y}_{1}(y2y1isthe change in y. the current flowing through the conductor multiplied by the total resistance of the conductor. The Official Table of Drops, formerly issued by the British Home Office, is a manual which is used to calculate the appropriate length of rope for long drop hangings. Why Electrical Load Monitoring Vital for Commercial Buildings? In Pejsa's derivation, he actually never included it because he assumes that the trajectory is flat enough that you can ignore it. We can predict the weather conditions but we can not predict the road conditions, it is not always as clear as bad weather equals long stopping distances, either. Thanks for reminding me! to multiply the nameplate FLA by 1.25 for wire sizing. The expression (x 2 x 1) ({x}_{2}-{x}_{1}) (x 2 x 1 ) is read as the change in x and (y 2 y 1 ({y}_{2}-{y}_{1} (y 2 y 1 is the change in y.. How to use the distance formula. Recall that all this old ballistic data is based on standard projectiles of 1 inch diameter and 1 lb weight. It is all a curve fitting exercise. The driver's condition is the most important factor because driving requires good eyesight. Surprisingly, Eustace declined Google's help in the jump and funded the project himself. "Such is our fate, if we live so long " We believe the app is easier to use and more accurate, especially deep in the subsonic regime, than traditional apps based on BC's. The table is based on the following formula, where d = the distance the ruler fell in meters, g = the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s^2), and t = the time the ruler was falling (seconds) t = sqrt ( 2d / g ) sqrt(sum((Vi - Vi_est)^2)) where Interestingly, an object in free fall doesn't necessarily need to be falling (that is, moving downwards). where g is the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s/s on Earth). Distance = speed time d = s t Derivation of all the Formulas d = refers to the distance traveled by body or object in meters (m) s = refers to the speed of the object or body in meter per second (m/s) t = refers to the time consumed by object or body to cover the distance in seconds (s) Solved Example on Distance Formula Example 1 lateral distance is measured along the x-axis, which is positive to the right. Read on to learn the free fall definition and discover the most daring examples, including the highest free fall in history (spoiler alert: it broke the sound barrier! Best RSS Fit Fo 23270.66626 <-- Solved in Excel, Mathlab answer incorrect Allowable Voltage Drop According to the NEC, 2011 Edition, Installation of Multiple Conductors in Conduit, Cable or Raceway, Roles and Responsibilities of Architects in Construction Projects, Types of Masonry Construction: Advantages & Disadvantages, Top 3 Types of Electrical Load | Resistive, Inductive & Capacitive. This means that the distance at which the car will come to a stop will be lowest when the friction coefficient between the tires of the car and the car is the highest. Weight, however, does not affect an object's free-falling speed. Longer conductors have a higher resistance because current must travel a longer distance between the source and the load. Drag and drop the pins to their correct place on the image.. work done [W], force [F], distance [s], J, N, m. I am going to work hard to use Pejsa's notation, which I do not like and he applies inconsistently. It is general knowledge that electricity consumers must pay for the total amount of kilowatt-hours supplied by the electric utility company, as measured by the corresponding power meter. We know that the stopping distance of a car is given by the total stopping distance formula: Substituting all the required values in the above equation, we get: Therefore, the stopping distance of the car is 207 m. The following factors affect the stopping distance and are very important with regard to the safety of the people that are inside the car. The owner of mathscinotes.com will not be liable for any errors or omissions in this information nor for the availability of this information. This is typically single-phase or three-phase. Amperes - Enter the maximum current in amps that will flow through the circuit. If an object fell 10000 m to Earth, then the results of both equations differ by only 0.08%; however, if it fell from geosynchronous orbit, which is 42164km, then the difference changes to almost 64%. This velocity is the asymptotic limiting value of the acceleration process, because the effective forces on the body balance each other more and more closely as the terminal velocity is approached. At some point, the two forces become equal in magnitude. The Voltage Drop Calculator will calculate the voltage drop across a circuit for long wire runs based on voltage, current, phases, conductor, wire size, and circuit distance. We knew the total depth of the well was 278 ft, but wanted to calculate the volume of the column of water. Pejsa's approach can be applied to any of these shapes. Geneva, NY Find the free fall distance using the equation: s = (1/2)gt = 0.5 9.80665 8 = 313.8 m. If you know the height from which the object is falling, but don't know the time of fall, you can use this . One of these wires is a ground wire Car Condition: To calculate wire ampacity for a circuit, use the Wire Ampacity Calculator or the Advanced Wire Ampacity Calculator. The distance between Point A and Point B (or length the fluid must travel) and equivalent length (pressure losses) introduced by valves and fittings. The procedure explained above can be adjusted to select conductor size based on the allowable voltage drop. You are correct that the cos() should have been included. The next-to-last equation becomes grossly inaccurate at great distances. The rigor you have brought to his work is impressive. Learn more about distance here. How can you know precisely how long the line segment is if it cuts across those tiny boxes? 4 inches x 178 feet. If you want to consider it, head over to our free fall with air resistance calculator. Why doesn't the Moon crash into Earth, then? The HP-42 version matched actual field tests perfectly but soon, smart phones arrived bringing with them the power of Excel, so I developed much more complete ballistic app for long range shooting. The current through the circuit was \$0.01961\text {A}\$. Last edited on 22 February 2023, at 16:54, The evolution of long drop hanging 19th century, The evolution of long drop hanging 20th century, The Table of Drops: The Science of the Noose, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Table_of_Drops&oldid=1140956698. Pingback: Pejsa Trajectory Midpoint Formula Given a Maximum Projectile Height | Math Encounters Blog. I'm happy to share my modifications if you wish. Let us have a look at the factors affecting the stopping distance. My third post will contain a worked example. You can count the distance either up and down the y-axis or across the x-axis. You need not construct the other two sides to apply the Distance Formula, but you can see those two "sides" in the differences (distances) between x-values (a horizontal line) and y- values (a vertical line). Since there is no perfect conductor and all materials have electrical resistance, it is impossible to eliminate voltage drop completely. SmartShot has been used by the winners of several ELR competitions. Be careful. 2 Figure 4: Key Differential Equation with Closed-Form Solution. You might already have learned the free fall equation, but it's one thing to understand the theory and a completely different one to experience it. Mr. Biegert, - Max - Min = 1894.09027 For the record, the formula to calculate this level drop Db distance calculator Check out 25 similar kinematics calculators how things move , How to use the free fall formula: an example. The Electricity Forum (In Canada) I ran this program 3 times considering angles of -10, 0, & 10 degrees. Electricity Forum publishes Electricity Today T&D Magazine and Intelligent Power Today Industrial Electrical Magazine. Best RSS Fit Fo 23828.5 I sat down and studied through Art Pejsa's book in two settings. - & Vi_est is calculated by Perja formula for velocity based on initial velocity, x, n and Fo, Initial velocity is: 4000 ft/s It is used for referring to the circular cross-sectional area of the wire or conductor. Wire Size - Choose the size wire in the circuit. 2. Consider a line L in XYplane and K ( x1 x 1, y1 y 1) is any point at a distance d from the line L. This line is represented by Ax + By + C = 0. In this case, the terminal velocity increases to about 320km/h (200mph or 90m/s), which is almost the terminal velocity of the peregrine falcon diving down on its prey. Hence, As per the conditions for evaluating distance, a. Statistics data for Y Drop To take us from his theorem of the relationships among sides of right triangles to coordinate grids, the mathematical world had to wait for Ren Descartes. Deficient connections are associated with an increased voltage drop. So, the driver hastily applies the brake of the car and brings the car to a sudden stop. E = mgh E = mgh. The distance the object falls, or height, h, is 1/2 gravity x the square of the time falling. You really should be able to take the last few steps by yourself. His Cartesian grid combines geometry and algebra. - Max - Min = 65.59305 It is a remarkably simple explanation of long range ballistics. Visit the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy for this site. [note 1], The equations ignore air resistance, which has a dramatic effect on objects falling an appreciable distance in air, causing them to quickly approach a terminal velocity. In this example, we will use the time of 8 seconds. The driver puts on the brakes when he sees a stop sign. It gives us projectile drop as a function of distance. I do not view Pejsa's work as the "state of the art", but it can play a useful role for people who want to develop simple applications for their ballistic work. Assume a circuit is subject to the following conditions: The voltage drop formula can be adjusted as follows, to calculate the required impedance. I modified the code to account for Pejsa's v^(2-n) adjustment. - Max - Min = 0.61369 <-- extremely close fit See if you got these answers: The distance formula gets its precision and perfection from the concept of using the angled line segment as if it were the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed on the grid. = {\displaystyle {\frac {G(M+m)}{r^{2}}}} 1. 14456 Then I put the book back on the shelf of such things and instantly forgot all but the very basics of everything I had learned. Nevertheless, they are usually accurate enough for dense and compact objects falling over heights not exceeding the tallest man-made structures. - Max - Min = 33.27546 Higher speeds can be attained if the skydiver pulls in his or her limbs (see also freeflying). Also note that rated ampacity is reduced when there are multiple conductors installed together. Solution: I = 4A Resistance Z = (15 +30) = 45 Putting values in voltage drop formula we get V =IZ V = 4 45 = 180 V. So, the voltage drop is 180 V. get started Get ready for all-new Live Classes! In the equation, m is the mass of the object, E is the energy, g is the acceleration due to gravity constant (9.81 m s 2 or 9.81 meters per second squared), and h is the height the object falls from. You are also able to relate the Distance Formula to the Pythagorean Theorem. If you would like to know more about SmartShot please see my web site, projectilescience.com. To calculate wire size for a circuit, use the Wire Size Calculator or the Advanced Wire Size Calculator. The curvature of Earth is simply the measure of this "bulge". It takes 10 sec to hit the ground. {\displaystyle x=r} The firing solutions, shown on the Products page of my web site, http://www.projectilescience.com, are complete and free to use. A General Note: The Distance Formula Calculate the final free fall speed (just before hitting the ground) with the formula: v = v + gt = 0 + 9.80665 8 = 78.45 m/s. 0 For velocities above 2400 fps, these two projectiles have the same drag curve. - Max = 23292.15890 Two identically shaped objects weighing a different amount will hit the ground at the same time. Weather The Weather plays a crucial role while determining the stopping distance as the friction coefficient of the road changes along with the changing weather condition. Range is 5271.31 feet. Competition speed skydivers fly in the head down position and reach even higher speeds. One of the basic principles of electrical engineering is Ohms law, which states that the voltage drop across a conductor or load is equivalent to the product of current and resistance (V = I x R). The free fall from apogee is 3.5 to 4.5 second so the fountain height is 200-350 feet high. So you put 1800W in at the source but you only get 1575W at the load. We don't know Fo in advance, so I calculated Fo using the program's calculations for the baseball with velocity v, x, n, and v initial, Program terms: This work was important to the development of modern gunnery and I have spent a fair amount of time reading through their papers as part of my interest in battleship gunnery. - Median = 16.65292 Drag is a force and the projectile's mass (weight) will affect its rate of deceleration. The committee's report was printed in 1888 and recommended a drop energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710J). single-phase circuits, three wires are required. Any comment with external website links will not be published. Natural Gas Generators: Why Arent They Used More in NYC? m {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{2}}{\sqrt {\frac {r^{3}}{2\mu }}}} This states that the voltage potential across the conductor is equal to The distance that a free-falling object has fallen from a position of rest is also dependent upon the time of fall. - Vi is calculated by the MathCad program using time increments of 0.001 seconds Last year preliminary work indicated that Pejsa's equations work with 9mm FMJ pistol bullets. It's used to describe the length of a line segment or the distance between 2 points. Figure 2 shows the Free Body Diagram (FBD) of the projectile and the associated differential equations. What is the relevance of the friction coefficient while determining the stopping distance? We knew the total depth of the well was 278 ft, but wanted to calculate the volume of the column of water. We are going to derive the following differential equation for the projectile's velocity in the y-direction as a function of distance. Voltage drop is calculated for three-phase circuits as follows: To calculate the maximum distance of a circuit based on percent voltage drop, use the I am pretty tied up now and I will go through it in detail later. Air resistance induces a drag force on any body that falls through any atmosphere other than a perfect vacuum, and this drag force increases with velocity until it equals the gravitational force, leaving the object to fall at a constant terminal velocity. If an object fell 10 000 m to Earth, then the results of both equations differ by only 0.08 %; however, if it fell from geosynchronous orbit, which is 42 164 km, then the difference changes to almost 64 %. In my second post, I will examine how he generates both an exact solution and a useful approximate solution that is commonly used in practice. Statistics data for Y Drop Arc Flash Training - CSA Z462 -2021 - Certified Electrical Safety Instruction, Electrical Grounding For Telecommunications Systems, Grounding and Bonding and The NEC - Section 250, Combined NFPA 70e LV Arc Flash And HV Electrical Safety, Short Circuit Study & Protective Device Coordination, Arc Flash Analysis/Study - IEEE 1584 Update, 30 Hour Electrical Power System Training - Power System Fundamentals (March 10, 2023, Short Circuit Study & Device Coordination (March 16-17, 2023), Arc Flash Analysis (March 23-24, 2023), Electrical Safety Awareness Training For Non Electrical Workers - Live Online Instructor-Led Training, Lightning Protection Systems Training For Utility, Industrial, Commercial & Institutional power systems, Combined CSA Z462 LV & HV Electrical Safety Training, Fire Alarm Training Online - Life Safety Equipment & Systems - Design, Installation, Inspection, Testing, Service & Maintenance, Grounding and Bonding Training And The CE Code. In practice, however, the hangmen ignored this table and awarded considerably longer drops, and a significantly revised edition of the Table of Drops was published in October 1913, allowing 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400J) of drop energy and then from 1939 executioners routinely added nine more inches (23cm) to the drop in the 1913 Table. This formula can help you determine voltage drop across a circuit, as well as the size wire gauge you will need for your circuit 1885 Clements Rd, Unit 218 One percent of F is distance in which a projectile loses 1% of its speed to air drag. If you know any 3 of those things, you can plug them in to solve for the 4th. brainly.com . The acceleration due to gravity =g = 9.8 \[\frac{m}{s^{2}}\]. this equation gives = Just a curiosity question, in your Definitions section you mention values that n will take on given a velocity range.