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George Tames's photograph evokes the echoes of Congressperson Adam Clayton Powell Jr. and Stokely Carmichael's laughter in the corridors of the Rayburn House Office Building. Devastated, Nancy swears off crime-solving while crossing off the days until she can re-apply to college. [11] Pezzoni noted Sally was a free woman of color, as were her mother and grandmother, proved by the 1860 census, which documented the three generations of the Dunning family. Adam Clayton Powell Sr., soon moved to New york, where . With the church as his power base, Powell was able to build a formidable public following in Harlem through his crusades for jobs and housing for the poor. He was excluded from the chamber, and the House Democratic Caucus ousted Powell as chair of the Education & Labor Committee due to allegations of corruption. Adam Clayton Powell Sr. has been credited with teaching Bonhoeffer about love of enemies, resisting systems of injustice, Christ's presence with the poor, and the doctrine of "cheap grace". Ike Barinholtz's A-list pal inspired his accent for 'Bless Canadian teacher with size-Z prosthetic breasts placed on paid leave, What's next for Buster Murdaugh after dad's murder conviction, life sentence, Buster Murdaugh got 'very drunk' with dad 2 months after mom, brother murdered: source, Prince Harry was scared to lose Meghan Markle after fight that led to therapy, Prince Harry says psychedelics are fundamental part of his life, Inside Scheana Shay, Raquel Leviss heated confrontation about Tom Sandoval affair, Tom Sizemore And The Dangerous Burden of Desperation, Kellyanne Conway and George Conway to divorce. He walked a fine line. [2][4] This was in the Piedmont, above the Fall Line of the Roanoke River. Screenshots are considered by the King Estate a violation of this notice. Powell worked closely with Clarence Mitchell Jr., the representative of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Washington, D.C., to try to gain justice in federal programs. In a heated telephone conversation on March 1, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson accuses Adam Clayton Powell of holding up the passage of an education . [25], In 1955, against the State Department's advice, Powell attended the AsianAfrican Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, as an observer. New Yorker Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (Harry J. Lennix) becomes a congressman and condemns all forms of segregation and discrimination. I have always vigorously defended you against your most severe critics,King wrote Powell in response. The four other African American students at Colgate at the time were all athletes. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., was loved; he was hated. Eisenhower. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, the first African American to serve in that position. [8] Anthony reared Adam as his son, and he and Sally had several children together. George W Bush; United States; Top Stories. You played a fictional preacher on The Get Down, another series set in a tumultuous Manhattan neighborhood. Powell adopted Washington's son, Preston, from her first marriage. [44][45] As reported by Time magazine, Yvette Diago had continued living in Puerto Rico and "performed no work at all," yet was kept on the payroll. 1845-d. 1937), a mulatto freedman (former slave). Discussing the life and legacy of Powell is a complicated and difficult task. The State Department approved the idea. The funeral for Colin L. Powell, former secretary of state, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and national security adviser, brought out a Washington that barely exists anymore: Republicans. Photo: Getty Images Advertise With Us For You Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (November 29, 1908 April 4, 1972)[1] was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971. Adam Clayton Powell (May 5, 1865 [1] [2] - June 12, 1953) was an American pastor who developed the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, New York as the largest Protestant congregation in the country, with 10,000 members. Powell to Eisenhower, 22 February 1956, WCFO-KAbE. Neither he nor his legal counsel requested that the select committee summon any witnesses. "[35], Powell won the Special Election to fill the vacancy caused by his exclusion, receiving 86% of the vote. In 1933, Powell married Isabel Washington (19082007), an African American singer and nightclub entertainer. [9] In the year of his son's birth in New Haven, Powell Sr. was called as the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. Colin Powell served America at its highest levels. She moved people to new heights when it came to seeking equality. Powell urged his supporters to "keep the faith, baby," while the investigation was underway. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the German theologian and pastor, attended Abyssinian Baptist for six months while studying in New York at Union Theological Seminary before World War II. Powell is buried at Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, Queens, New York City, New York. Colin Powell at his home in Virginia. [31], Powell was instrumental in passing legislation that made lynching a federal crime, as well as bills that desegregated public schools. Powell is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was 84. Hulton Archive/Getty Images; David Lee/EPIX, David Giuntoli stars in A Million Little Things.. He had received two doses of a COVID vaccine but also was receiving treatment for multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer that weakens the immune system (as does the treatment). Matters of Mr. Powell's alleged official misconduct since January 3, 1961. Onstage at the 42nd Annual NAACP Image Awards held at The Shrine Auditorium on March 4, 2011 in Los Angeles, California. The service comes a few . )[19] The Powells had two children: Blanche F. Powell (b. Later, apparently trying to bolster his black identity, Powell would say that his paternal grandparents were born into slavery. He sued in Powell v. McCormack to retain his seat. By the mid-1960s, Powell was increasingly being criticized for mismanaging his committee's budget, taking trips abroad at public expense, and missing meetings of his committee. He was fully vaccinated," his. It successfully reported to Congress "49 pieces of bedrock legislation", as President Johnson put it in a May 18, 1966, letter congratulating Powell on the fifth anniversary of his chairmanship. We look back on his life and legacy with his former chief . After his defeat in the Democratic primary election of 1970, he resigned as pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church in 1971 and retired to the island of Bimini in The Bahamas. "From Different Liberal Perspectives: Fiorello H. La Guardia, Adam Clayton Powell Jr., and Civil Rights in New York City, 19411943. After graduating from Colgate University in 1930, Powell returned to Harlem, where he became an assistant pastor at Abyssinian while earning a masters degree in religious education from Columbia University (1932). He was a leading figure in passage of the backbone of the much of the social legislation of the Kennedy and Johnson presidencies. As chairman, Powell played a crucial role in moving Lyndon Johnsons progressive War on Poverty legislation through Congress. Powell was also willing to act independently; in 1956, he broke party ranks and supported President Dwight D. Eisenhower for re-election, saying the civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform was too weak. [citation needed], With this influence, Powell suggested to the State Department that the current manner of competing with the Soviet Union in the realm of fine arts such as international symphony orchestra and ballet company tours was ineffective. 1838 Adam Clayton Powell Jr Blvd is near La Guardia, located 7.7 miles or 15 minutes away, and Newark Liberty International, located 19.6 miles or 35 minutes away. I dont want to demean it, but it was a little Hollywood. Although often associated with states of the former Confederate States of America, poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states, including California, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Wisconsin.[24]. On March 1, the House voted 307 to 116 to exclude him, despite the recommendation of the Select Committee. He encouraged local residents to shop only where blacks were also hired to work. On 30 June 1889, Powell married Mattie Shaffer (ne Mattie Buster) of Pratt, West Virginia. That congregation grew to a community of 10,000 persons. Born 29 November 1908, in New Haven, Connecticut, Powell grew up in New York City, where his father was the pastor of Harlems Abyssinian Baptist Church. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Thanks for contacting us. Colin Powell, an accomplished and esteemed four-star general who became the first African American secretary of State, died Monday as a result of complications from Covid-19, according to his. Following on the heels of the movie version of Downton Abbey, we get a Breaking Bad film starring Aaron Paul as Jesse Pinkman, who must forge a future for himself. Mr. Powell's age, citizenship, and inhabitancy [sic]; 2. According to biographer Charles V. Hamilton, Anthony Bush "decided to take the name Powell as a new identity. After serving in churches in Philadelphia and New Haven, Connecticut, Powell was called as pastor to Abyssinian Baptist, where he served from 1908 to 1936. US ex-lawyer admits lying but denies killing family. It also served as a mouthpiece for his views. In 1942 he founded People's Voice, a newspaper designed for "a progressive African American audience, and it educated and enlightened readers on everything from local gatherings and events to U.S. civil rights issues to the political and economic struggles of the peoples of Africa. He did accuse Malcolm X of poaching his congregation, though. Rising through the ranks after serving in Vietnam, Powell broke barriers and built bridges for future Black leaders. Oct 18, 202112:26 PM. Now a whole new generation will be introduced to this flamboyant, controversial, and wildly popular man.With colorful details, Powell recounts his childhood in early 20th -- century Harlem, his education at an all . Keep the Faith, Baby: Directed by Doug McHenry. How would you compare that series to Godfather of Harlem? He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism. When most people think of Harlem, they think of innovators and game-changers. Note: Documentation of origins was scarce for many slave and free black families. Both his mother and Powell married mulatto spouses, a former slave and a daughter of former slaves, respectively. Directors Richard Kilberg Starring Julian Bond, Shirley Chisholm, Adam Clayton Powell Genres He died there on April 4, 1972, at the age of 63, from acute prostatitis, according to contemporary newspaper accounts. Nancy Drew (Kennedy McMann) is a brilliant teenage detective whose plans to attend college are derailed by her mothers death. As chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment, Powell used numerous methods of community organizing to bring political pressure on major businesses to open their doors to black employees at professional levels. Despite nagging legal problems and irregular attendance, Powell's leadership of the Committee on Education and Labor led to more than 50 measures authorizing increases in the minimum wage, federal programs for vocational training, standards for . He was nevertheless reelected in his district in 1968 but was then deprived by his colleagues in the House of his committee chairmanship and his seniority. The Boston Business Journal spoke with Jagan Jayachandran, Assistant Professor of Aerospace Engineering, and Adam Powell, Associate Professor of Mechanical and Materials Engineering about their research to develop a net-zero aviation fuel made with magnesium. In 1970 he lost a close reelection bid to Charles Rangel. In 1955, Congressman Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. convinced U.S. leaders that jazz was the best way to intervene in the Cold War cultural conflict, with trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie becoming the first . He lived his political life by the letter of the law. [41] In 1980, this son changed his name to Adam Clayton Powell IV, dropping "Diago" from his name when he moved to the mainland United States from Puerto Rico to attend Howard University. In 1960, Powell, hearing of planned civil rights marches at the Democratic Convention, which could embarrass the party or candidate, threatened to accuse Rev. By Allan Smith. [39], After their divorce, in 1945, Powell married the jazz pianist and singer Hazel Scott. Adam Clayton Powell was born near Martin's Mill on Maggodee Creek,[3] in Franklin County, Virginia. Powell had widespread influence in the community. 1860 US Census, "Adam Duning" and family, Franklin County, North Eastern Division, Virginia. We've received your submission. Through it all, Powell never seemed entirely comfortable talking about race, said Kevin Powell, a New York-based writer and rights activist who is not related to Colin Powell. Nevertheless, Powell easily won the primary in August and the general election in November. It won two National Association of Minorities in Cable (NAMIC) Vision Awards for Best Drama and Best Actor in a Television Film (Lennix), the International Press Association's Best Actress in a Television Film Award (Williams), and Reel.com's Best Actor in a Television Film (Lennix). [7] In 1867, Sally Dunning married Anthony Bush, a mulatto freedman. He already has one. This time was better than the last time [2012]. King was assassinated less than two weeks later. [4][6][7] By 1908, Powell Sr. had become a prominent Baptist minister, serving as a pastor in Philadelphia, and as lead pastor at a Baptist church in New Haven. United States President George W Bush meets with the National Security Council in the Cabinet Room of the White House in Washington, DC (from left to right): Secretary of State Colin Powell, President Bush, President Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, September 14, 2001. A Select House Committee was established upon the House's reconvening for the 90th Congress to further investigate Powell's misconduct to determine if he should be allowed to take his seat. [2] Powell failed to garner enough signatures for inclusion on the November ballot as an Independent, and Rangel won that (and following) general elections. [50], Investigations into Powell's misconduct have been cited as an impetus for a permanent ethics committee in the House of Representatives as well as a permanent code of conduct for House Members and their staff. He wanted Adam not to reveal he had a part in the slums and Adam wanted Bumpy to give them up. In the early 21st century, Adam Clayton Powell III became Vice Provost for Globalization at the University of Southern California. Please contact Intellectual Properties Management (IPM), the exclusive licensor of the Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. atlicensing@i-p-m.comor 404 526-8968. Bush as he lies in state at the U.S. Capitol, December 4, 2018 in Washington, DC. The film was written by Art Washington and directed by Doug McHenry. [19] Powell Jr remained pastor of the church until 1972. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, the first African American to serve in that position. According to the official Congressional report on these committee hearings, Powell and his counsel's official position was that "the Committee had no authority to consider the misconduct charges. Colin Powell on May 28 in D.C. Paul Morigi/Getty Images for Capital Concerts. Powell, a retired four-star general, made history in 1987 when he became the first Black national security adviser under then-President Ronald . Powell is shown at a White House ceremony on Thursday, Nov. 5, 1987 in Washington for outgoing Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger. He was an African American community activist, author, and the father of Congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Born into poverty in southwestern Virginia, Powell worked to put himself through school and Wayland Seminary, where he was ordained in 1892. WASHINGTON Family, former colleagues and friends honored Colin Powell's "life well lived" during a funeral service held Friday at the Washington National Cathedral. Powells influential career was undermined by scandal, including allegations of tax evasion and misuse of government funds. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and received a master's degree in religious education from Columbia University. Title [Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. and wife Hazel Dorothy Scott, head-and-shoulders portrait, on . [3][4] (In his autobiography Adam By Adam, Powell says that his mother had partial German ancestry. [17] He was later made an honorary member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Encouraged by his father to become a minister, Powell became more serious about his studies at Colgate, where he earned his bachelor's degree in 1930. The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues, Rushing, Lawrence, "The Racial Identity of Adam Clayton Powell Jr: A Case Study in Racial Ambivalence and Redefinition", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr.&oldid=1142496672, Capeci, Dominic J. Rangel. [citation needed], During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Powell, a handsome and charismatic figure, became a civil rights leader in Harlem. In 1969 the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the action of the House in depriving him of his seat had been unconstitutional, but by that time Powells health was failing. Brown, Tamara L.; Parks, Gregory S.; Phillips, Clarenda M. (February 17, 2012). He became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, the first African-American, intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity.[12]. Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of staff and Secretary of State Colin Powell attended a panel discussion about the 20th Anniversary Commemoration of the first gulf war on January 20, 2011 in College Station Texas. Elected in 1944 as the first African American to represent New York in the House, Adam Clayton Powell served in Congress for nearly three decades. [18] She was the daughter of Samuel Buster and his wife Eliza (ne Wilson), both mixed race farm laborers. Rustin, one of King's political advisers, was an openly gay man. Corrections? He changed the course of history and gave dignity to those people who call themselves black Americans. "General Colin L. Powell, former U.S. Secretary of State and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, passed away this morning due to complications from Covid 19," the Powell family wrote on Facebook. [43][44][45][46], In April 1972, Powell became gravely ill and was flown to a Miami hospital from his home in Bimini. During the Great Migration of blacks out of the rural South, thousands of blacks moved to New York and Harlem became the center of African American life in the city. 1880 US Census, "Anthony Powell" and family, Cabin Creek, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Powell was born in 1908 in New Haven, Connecticut, the second child and only son of Adam Clayton Powell Sr. and Mattie Buster Shaffer, both born poor in Virginia and West Virginia, respectively. Boston 25 WPI research on car corrosion appears on Boston 25 He described her mother, Mildred Dunning (later listed as Malinda Dunnon, in the 1880 census[8]), as "mostly Indian. Before 1920, Blanche married Clarence D. King, who had migrated to New York from Virginia, and the young couple lived with her parents for a time in the city. Photo, Print, Drawing [Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. and wife Hazel Dorothy Scott, head-and-shoulders portrait, on their wedding day] [ b&w film copy neg. ] Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. was born in New Haven, Connecticut on November 29, 1908 to Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. and Mattie Schaffer. King to Powell, 24 June 1960, in Papers 5:480481. When his father retired in 1937, Powell became the new pastor of Abyssinian, ministering to a congregation of over 10,000 members. According to a statement from his family posted to Facebook, Powell had been fully vaccinated and was being treated at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. ", The story of thevPowell family is retold in the radio drama ", This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 18:47. How would you describe Adam Clayton Powell to someone who knows nothing about Harlem? This committee's inquiry centered on the following issues: "1. [52] The film debuted on February 17, 2002, on premium cable network Showtime. in religious education from Columbia University. Powell won reelection, and in 1969 the Supreme Court ruled that his expulsion from Congress was unconstitutional. Powell's increasing absenteeism was observed by constituents, which contributed, in June 1970, to his defeat in the Democratic primary for reelection to his seat by Charles B. Secretary of State Colin Powell listens as President Bush speaks on trade promotion authority at the Department of State. [21], In 1944, Powell ran for the United States Congress on a platform of civil rights for African Americans: support for "fair employment practices, and a ban on poll taxes and lynching." [34], The members of the Select Committee had different opinions on the fate of Powell's seat. Powell headed theDont Buy Where You Cant Workcampaign, which succeeded in opening up jobs to African Americans at New York stores, utility companies, and city buses. An astute businessman known as "Mr. Civil Rights," he represented Harlem for twenty-four years in the House of Representatives. He spoke to The Post by phone. In the summer of 1960, Powell threatened to tell the press that King was involved in a homosexual affair with Rustin unless King called off plans to demonstrate at the upcoming Democratic National Convention. Under his leadership, in 1920 the congregation acquired a large lot and built a substantial church and community center at a cost of $334,000. The other black students were dismayed to discover what he had done. However, his influence on politics and service cannot be overlooked. Bob Fitch photography archive, Stanford University Libraries. [10], J. Daniel Pezzoni, a preservation consultant, noted in 1995 there was a local tradition linking Powell's family to Llewellyn Powell, a white planter, who had property 10 miles away at Hale's Ford, but there was no documentary evidence for this. He helped steer the passage of the minimum wage bill, the Manpower Development and Training Act, the . [32] Voter registration and electoral practices were not changed substantially in most of the South until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which provided federal oversight of voter registration and elections, and enforcement of the constitutional right to vote. The mulatto category was dropped from the US census in 1930, under pressure from the powerful Southern Democrats. Freedom's Ring: King's "I Have a Dream" Speech, Martin Luther King, Jr. - Threats/attacks against, Montgomery grand jury indicts 115 bus boycott leaders, King's remarks before Democratic Party Platform Committee read by representative, King attends March on the Conventions Movement at the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, King and A. Philip Randolph hold press conference in Chicago concluding March on the Conventions Movement. She appeared to have named her son after her older brother Adam Dunning, listed on the 1860 census as a farmer and the head of their household. Adam Clayton Powell (87) 7.0 55min 1989 13+ The Academy Award-nominated Adam Clayton Powell delves into the gripping life and career of the most influential and flamboyant civil rights leader in America in the 30s, 40s and 50s. From 1908 until 1936, Powell served as pastor of the century-old Abyssinian Baptist Church, whose congregation had moved north and was located in Harlem, New York. With no real organization or material incentives for his followers, Powell broke into New York politics in the 1 930s by dint of a racialist . People in daily life and legal challenges made judgments about racial classification based on personal associates, marriage choices, and community, more than by genealogical documentation. Powell won reelection, and in 1969 the Supreme Court ruled that his expulsion from Congress was unconstitutional. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., (born Nov. 29, 1908, New Haven, Conn., U.S.died April 4, 1972, Miami, Fla.), black American public official and pastor who became a prominent liberal legislator and civil-rights leader. Powell will visit . "[34], The select committee found that Powell met residency requirements for Congressional representatives under the Constitution, but that Powell had asserted an unconstitutional immunity from earlier rulings against him in criminal cases tried in the New York State Supreme Court. Powell and King traveled together to Ghana to celebrate that countrys independence in 1957. Powell and his family members were classified as mulatto in the censuses until 1920. Because of some of his European ancestry, Adam was born with hazel eyes, light skin and blond hair, such that he could pass for white. 2:01. [17] "Mass action is the most powerful force on earth," Powell once said, adding, "As long as it is within the law, it's not wrong; if the law is wrong, change the law. [18]. Colin Powell, a trailblazing leader who served as the top US soldier, diplomat, and national security advisor, died on Monday. With Harry Lennix, Vanessa Williams, Don Allison, Rodger Barton. Then it was a place of black and Italian people. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives three years later, representing a newly formed congressional district in Harlem. Claude Pepper was strongly in favor of recommending that Powell not be seated at all, while John Conyers, Jr., the only African American Representative on the Select Committee felt that any punishment beyond severe censure was inappropriate. A series of hearings on Powell's misconduct had been held by the 89th Congress in December 1966 that produced the evidence that the House Democratic Caucus cited in taking this action. An effective leader and agent for change, Powell pushed boundaries in order to better the lives of African Americans, contributing to the . His field is materials processing, and research focuses on greenhouse gas emissions reduction, elimination, and drawdown. Adam Clayton Powell was the most important figure in Negro politics because his career was built upon the support of the black masses; they, and they alone, were the cornerstone of his electoral success. He recounted these experiences in a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro? [51], Powell was the subject of the 2002 cable television film Keep the Faith, Baby, starring Harry Lennix as Powell and Vanessa Williams as his second wife, jazz pianist Hazel Scott. However, he did not play with that racial ambiguity until college. Along the way, he became the first Black man to serve as Secretary of State, national security adviser, and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Although they continued to encounter patches of disagreement, King spoke occasionally at Abyssinian Baptist Church in the early 1960s, raising funds for SCLC. >>Related: Gen. Colin Powell: 6 things to know. He served 11 successive terms in the House and became chairman of its Education and Labor Committee in 1960. In researching the role, Esposito, 61, listened to audio tapes of Powells speeches and researched his Congressional record. He told Bumpy, Youre complicit. This started their very contentious relationship. "[6] Sally's mother Mildred Dunning was listed as Malinda Dunnon in 1880, apparently changing her name, too, for their new lives in West Virginia. Yesterday, Colin Powell, who served as chairman of the joint chiefs of staff under the first President Bush and secretary of state under the second, died of complications from COVID-19, at the age of eighty-four. [13] (Note: Both Llewellyn and Powell are names associated primarily with Wales and England rather than Germany.). "African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision". Powell's time in the administration would be defined by the beginning of the war in Iraq. "General Colin L. Powell, former U.S. Secretary of State and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, passed away this morning due to complications from Covid 19. [22][23][24], Powell was active in a variety of educational institutions and community organizations; he was among the founders of the National Urban League; a trustee of Virginia Union University, Downington Industrial and Agricultural School in Pennsylvania, which operated until 1993; the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, DC; and the White Rose Industrial Home in New York, all historically black colleges and schools. Political Clan", "History of NYC Streets: Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Boulevard (Seventh Avenue in Harlem)", "Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Paideia Academy", "TV Weekend; A Charismatic Congressman and the Trail He Blazed", Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, United States House of Representatives biography of Powell.